Anatomy Case Based Questions - KEY
ANSWERS
UPPER LIMB
1. Probable
Diagnosis – Dislocation of
Shoulder Joint (Sub-clavicular Position);
Anatomical Basis – Dislocated
head of the Humerus lying below the clavicle, compressing the medial cutaneous
nerve of arm;
Affected Joint – Shoulder
Joint.
2. Probable Diagnosis – Axillary Artery Aneurysm;
Structures Affected – Axillary
Artery & Axillary Nerve;
Structure producing the swelling – Axillary Artery.
3. Condition – Erb’s Palsy with Porter’s Tip Hand;
Injured Structure – Erb’s Point
on the Upper Trunk of Brachial Plexus;
Involved Structure – Brachial
Plexus.
4. Probable Diagnosis – Carcinoma of left Breast;
Affected Structure – Mammary
Gland.
5. Probable Diagnosis – Carpal Tunnel Syndrome;
Structure Affected – Median Nerve.
6. Condition – Saturday Night Palsy;
Structure Involved – Radial Nerve.
7. Affected Structure – Ulnar Nerve.
8. Probable Diagnosis – Dislocation of Elbow Joint;
Deformed Joint – Elbow Joint.
HEAD & NECK
1. Probable Diagnosis – Mumps;
Structure Affected – Parotid
Gland.
2. Probable Diagnosis – Goitre due to Hyperthyroidism;
Affected Structure – Thyroid
Gland.
3. Probable Diagnosis – Bell’s Palsy;
Structure Affected – Facial Nerve.
4. Probable Diagnosis – Carcinoma of Tongue;
Affected Organ – Tongue.
5. Condition – Black Eye;
Anatomical Basis – Blood passing
deep to epicranial aponeurosis of the scalp and collecting around the eyes
forming black eye;
Injured Area – Scalp.
6. Probable Diagnosis – Otitis Media;
Affected Region – Middle Ear.
7. Structure Injured – Spinal Accessory Nerve;
Involved Area of the Neck – Posterior Triangle.
8. Probable Diagnosis – Potato Tumour;
Structure Affected – Common Carotid Artery;
Area of neck in front of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle – Anterior triangle.
9. Area having the foreign body – Larynx.
10. Probable Diagnosis – Thrombosis of Cavernous Sinus;
Affected Venous Sinus – Cavernous Sinus.
11. Probable Diagnosis – Oculomotor nerve palsy;
Muscles Affected – Superior rectus, Inferior rectus, Medial rectus, Inferior oblique &
Levator palpebrae superioris;
Muscles Producing the Movements of Eyeball – Extra-ocular muscles.
12. Probable Diagnosis – Maxillary Sinusitis;
Relation with the Nasal cavity – Pus from the maxillary sinus enters the nasal cavity through maxillary hiatus which opens at the hiatus semilunaris of middle meatus;
Nasal wall involved – Lateral wall of Nose.
13. Probable Diagnosis – Bilateral Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint;
Affected Joint – Temporomandibular Joint.
NEUROANATOMY
1. Probable Diagnosis – Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident);
Affected Area of White Matter of Cerebrum – Internal Capsule.
2. Probable Diagnosis – Cerebellar Tumour / Medulloblastoma;
Structure Affected – Cerebellum.
3. Probable Diagnosis – Obstructive Hydrocephalus;
Largest Ventricle of Brain – Lateral ventricle.
4. Affected Cerebral Artery – Middle Cerebral Artery.
5. Affected Portion of White Matter of Cerebrum – Corpus Callosum.
THORAX
1. Probable Diagnosis – Stable Angina / Angina Pectoris;
Causative Structures – Coronary
Arteries.
2.
Probable Diagnosis – Unstable
Angina / Myocardial Infarction;
Causative Structures – Coronary
Arteries.
3.
Probable Diagnosis – Lung
Cancer suggestive of Hilar Tumour;
Affected Organ – Lung.
4.
Probable Diagnosis – Lung
Cancer suggestive of Apical Tumour;
Affected Organ – Lung.
5.
Probable Diagnosis – Pleural
Effusion;
Anatomical basis –
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity compressing the inferior lobe of
right lung;
Structure showing the lesion – Pleura.
6.
Probable Spaces of Chest wall approached – 5th or 6th Intercostal
spaces;
Spaces of Chest Wall –
Intercostal Spaces.
7. Heart Chamber involved with the Thrombus – Right Atrium.
ABDOMEN
1. Probable Diagnosis - Carcinoma of Head of the Pancreas;
Anatomical Basis for the Symptoms – Enlarged head of the Pancreas obstructing the 2nd part of
Duodenum & Bile duct;
Affected Organ – Pancreas.
2.
Probable Diagnosis – Acquired Diaphragmatic
Hernia due to rupture of left hemi-diaphragm;
Structure Injured – Thoraco-abdominal
Diaphragm.
3.
Probable Diagnosis – Congenital
Diaphragmatic Hernia (Bochdalek’s Hernia);
Structure Affected – Thoraco-abdominal
Diaphragm.
4.
Probable Diagnosis – Cirrhosis
of Liver;
Affected Organ – Liver.
5.
Probable Diagnosis – Portal
Hypertension causing Caput Medusae;
Anatomical Basis – Portal
vein is obstructed by enlarged liver and causing portal hypertension leading to
back flow of venous blood from the portal vein tributaries into the tributaries
of vena caval system, producing varicose veins around the umbilicus;
Structure causing the dilatation of veins – Portal vein.
6.
Probable Diagnosis – Portal
Hypertension causing Oesophageal Varices;
Anatomical Basis – Portal
vein is obstructed by enlarged liver and causing portal hypertension leading to
back flow of venous blood from the portal vein tributaries into the tributaries
of vena caval system, producing varicose veins at the lower end of oesophagus.
Rupture of oesophageal varices leads to blood vomiting;
Structure causing the blood vomiting – Portal vein.
7.
Probable Diagnosis – Internal
Haemorrhoids or Piles;
Anatomical Basis – Superior
rectal veins are obstructed at ano-rectal junction due to pressure produced by
constipation causing dilated inferior rectal veins draining the anal canal.
Such dilated tortuous veins bulging into the lumen of anal canal are called
haemorrhoids or piles. Erosion or rupture of haemorrhoids due to hard faecal
matter cause blood-stained stools;
Structure Affected with Swellings – Anal canal.
8.
Probable Diagnosis – Benign
Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH);
Affected Organ – Prostate
Gland.
9.
Probable Diagnosis – Carcinoma
of Prostatic Gland;
Affected Organ – Prostate
Gland.
10. Probable Diagnosis – Carcinoma of Stomach;
Affected Structure – Stomach.
11. Probable Diagnosis – Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis;
Viscera Affected with Hypertrophy – Stomach.
12. Probable Diagnosis – Perforation of First part of Duodenum;
Anatomical Basis – Chronic
peptic ulcer affecting the posterior wall of first part of duodenum may cause
perforation of the wall and erosion of gastroduodenal artery running behind the
first part of duodenum, which leads to haemorrhage in the peritoneal cavity;
Affected Viscera – Duodenum.
13. Probable Diagnosis – Strangulated Indirect Inguinal Hernia;
Groin Area Involved – Inguinal
Canal.
14. Probable Diagnosis – Direct Inguinal Hernia;
Groin Area Involved – Inguinal
Canal.
15. Probable Diagnosis – Indirect Inguinal Hernia;
Groin Area Involved – Inguinal
Canal.
16. Probable Diagnosis – Undescended Testis;
Structure Involved – Testis.
17. Probable Diagnosis – Prolapse of Uterus;
Involved Organ – Uterus.
18. Probable Diagnosis – Carcinoma of Uterus;
Involved Organ – Uterus.
19. Probable Diagnosis – Polycystic Kidneys;
Affected Viscera – Kidneys.
20. Probable Diagnosis – Carcinoma of Rectum;
Affected Structure – Rectum.
21. Probable Diagnosis – Urinary Bladder Calculus;
Affected Pelvic Viscera – Urinary Bladder.
LOWER LIMB
1. Probable Diagnosis – Femoral Hernia;
Involved Region of the Thigh – Femoral Triangle.
2.
Probable Site of Fracture – Acetabulum of Hip Bone;
Joint Affected – Hip Joint.
3.
Condition – Foot Drop;
Structure Affected due to the Fracture – Common Peroneal Nerve.
4.
Probable Diagnosis – Sciatica
due to compression of a root of Sciatic Nerve by the Herniated disc;
Structure Affected – Sciatic
Nerve.
5. Probable Diagnosis – Rupture of Anterior Cruciate Ligament;
Affected Joint – Knee Joint.
6.
Condition – Varicose
Veins;
Structure Affected – Great
Saphenous Vein.
7.
Probable Diagnosis – Ankle
Sprain;
Involved Joint – Ankle
Joint.
8.
Probable Diagnosis – Popliteal
Artery Aneurysm;
Involved Area Behind the Knee – Popliteal Fossa.
9.
Probable Diagnosis – Flat Foot;
Anatomical Basis – Due to
cut injury behind the medial malleolus the tibialis posterior tendon is damaged
and the muscle became atrophic which has led to the loss of suspension of medial
longitudinal arch resulting in Flat foot.
