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Pharyngeal Apparatus & Development of Tongue

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  PHARYNGEAL   APPARATUS Pharyngeal / Branchial apparatus consists of.. 6 Pharyngeal Arches - 5 th  Arch disappears 4 Pharyngeal Clefts - only 1 st  Cleft remains 4 Pharyngeal Pouches DERIVATIVES  OF  PHARYNGEAL  ARCHES FIRST (MANDIBULAR) ARCH  DERIVATIVES :- Skeletal  Elements :- Malleus Incus Anterior ligament of malleus Spheno-mandibular ligament Body of the Mandible Muscles :- Muscles of mastication Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini Anterior belly of digastric Mylohyoid Artery :- Maxillary Artery Nerve :- Mandibular Nerve Chorda tympani nerve SECOND (HYOID) ARCH  DERIVATIVES :- Skeletal  Elements :- Stapes Styloid process Stylo-hyoid ligament Lesser cornu of Hyoid bone Upper part of body of Hyoid bone Muscles :- Stapedius Stylohyoid Muscles of Facial expression Auricular muscles Epicranius muscle Posterior belly of Digastric Platysma Artery :- Stapedial Artery Nerve :- Facial Nerve THIRD  ARCH  DERIVATIVES :- Skeletal  Elements :- Greater cornu of Hyoid bone Lower part of body of
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Skull - Important Features

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S. No. FORAMEN / FISSURE STRUCTURES   PASSING   THROUGH 1.         Cribriform plate of Ethmoid Ø   Olfactory nerves (I CN) Ø   Anterior & Posterior Ethmoidal vessels and nerves 2.         Optic Canal Ø   Optic nerve (II CN) Ø   Ophthalmic artery 3.         Superior Orbital Fissure Lateral part - Ø   Lacrimal nerve (branch of V-1 CN) Ø   Frontal nerve (branch of V-1 CN) Ø   Trochlear nerve (IV CN) Ø   Lacrimal branch of Middle meningeal artery Ø   Recurrent meningeal branch of Ophthalmic artery Ø   Superior ophthalmic vein Intermediate part - Ø   Superior & Inferior rami of Oculomotor nerve (III CN) Ø   Nasociliary nerve (branch of V-1 CN) Ø   Abducent nerve (VI CN) Medial part - Ø   Inferior ophthalmic veins 4.         Foramen Rotundum Ø   Maxillary Nerve (V-2 CN)
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Posterior Triangle of Neck

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  POSTERIOR  TRIANGLE  OF  NECK (Find the Video Tutorial Here 👇 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nJQWzkv1Gc )       The side of the neck is divided diagonally by sternocleidomastoid muscle into anterior & posterior triangles.        Posterior triangle of the neck lies behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle. BOUNDARIES In Front :- Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle. Behind :- Anterior border of trapezius muscle. Apex :- Superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. Base :- Middle 1/3 rd of the clavicle. Floor :- Semispinalis capitis (occasional) Splenius capitis Levator scapulae Scalenus posterior Scalenus medius Outer border of first rib First digitation of Serratus anterior Prevertebral fascia covering all the floor structures Roof :- Skin, superficial fascia, platysma, investing layer of deep cervical fascia. The roof is crossed by supraclavicular nerves & external jugular vein. SUBDIVISIONS 2.5cm above the clavicle inferior belly of omohyoid muscle di
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